Upadacitinib

Upadacitinib is a DMARD used to treat inflammatory types of arthritis, such as rheumatoid arthritis (RA), psoriatic arthritis (PsA), and ankylosing spondyloarthritis (AS).

Upadacitinib is recommended for use in combination with methotrexate (MTX) in adult patients with moderate to severely active RA who have had an inadequate response to MTX. For patients who cannot tolerate MTX, upadacitinib may be given as monotherapy.

Upadacitinib is never used in combination with other Janus kinase (JAK) inhibitors, biologic medications, or with potent immunosuppressants such as azathioprine or cyclosporine due to the increased risk for infection.

Upadacitinib is taken orally in pill form.

Upadacitinib is available in 15 mg tablets. The usual dose is one tablet daily.

The JAK-STAT pathway is an important pathway for communication in the body related to the bone marrow and immune system activation. It involves the enzyme Janus kinase (JAK) and a system called Transducers and Activators of Transcription (STAT). Cells in the immune system use this pathway to communicate with one another. Upadacitinib works by disrupting a key signal sending process in the JAK-STAT pathway. By doing this, upadacitinib interferes with how cells in the immune system talk with each other. This reduces the immune system’s ability to attack the joints and patients can benefit from reduced pain, swelling, and inflammation.

Like many of the DMARDs, you will not feel the effects of upadacitinib right away. Most people may start noticing the effects about two to eight weeks after they start taking the medication, but full benefits may not occur for three to six months. It is important to be patient and keep taking your medication.

Upadacitinib can make it harder for your body to fight infections. Therefore, if you have a fever, think you may have an infection or have been prescribed an antibiotic, contact your healthcare provider immediately.

Also, contact your prescriber if you are having surgery, as you may need to stop upadacitinib until you are healed and there is no sign of infection.

Before taking upadacitinib, tell your healthcare provider if you are pregnant or planning to become pregnant or are breastfeeding/chestfeeding or planning to breastfeed/chestfeed. Currently there are no studies to assess the use of upadacitinib during pregnancy and breastfeeding/chestfeeding. Your healthcare provider will discuss the risks and benefits of taking upadacitinib while you are pregnant.

Upadacitinib may increase your risk of developing shingles. Ideally, all your vaccinations, including the singles vaccine should be up to date prior to starting upadacitinib. If you have already started therapy with upadacitinib, most inactive vaccines are recommended (i.e. influenza, pneumococcal). Live vaccines are not recommended due to risk of causing infection. Please speak with your healthcare providers about vaccinations before starting upadacitinib.

Anyone who has had a previous allergic reaction to upadacitinib should avoid the medication.
Upadacitinib interacts with a number of other medications. Please speak with your healthcare provider about whether any of the other medications you currently take interact with upadacitinib. It is also recommended that you avoid grapefruit juice and St. John’s Wort while taking upadacitinib.

Your body may harbour the bacteria that can cause tuberculosis (TB) if you have been exposed to TB in the past. You may not know you are carrying TB as the bacteria remain in an inactive state and cause no symptoms. This is known as latent TB infection (LTBI). People with LTBI are not infectious and cannot spread TB to others. Upadacitinib can increase the risk of reactivation of LTBI. Prior to starting upadacitinib therapy, your prescriber will screen for LTBI. If you test positive, you will be required to take an anti-TB medication prior to starting upadacitinib. Please speak with your healthcare provider about LTBI screening before starting upadacitinib.

Upadacitinib has been rarely associated with a small increased risk of developing certain types of cancer. Proof of a link between upadacitinib and the development of cancer is difficult as people with inflammatory arthritis are generally at a higher risk of developing certain cancers, as compared to the general population. The role of upadacitinib in the development of cancer is currently unknown. Please speak with your healthcare provider if you have any questions.

If you are starting this medication and are a current or past smoker, or have had a heart attack, other heart problems, known malignancy or cancer, stroke, or blood clots in the past, you should ensure your doctor is aware of the risks factors you have and discuss the risks and benefits of this treatment. These factors may put you at higher risk for serious problems with this medication. It is important that your doctor is aware if you have any of these risk factors if you are starting this medication.

If you are unsure whether your doctor is aware of these risk factors you may have, you should contact your doctor and make an appointment to discuss these risk factors as well as the risks and benefits of using this medication.

Like all medications, taking upadacitinib carries some risk of side effects, which must be balanced with the potential benefits.  In general, the risk of joint damage and permanent disability (resulting from arthritis) is much greater than the risks of side effects from upadacitinib. When monitored properly the vast majority of side effects are rare, most improve over time and are reversible.

The most common side effects of upadacitinib are nausea and upper respiratory tract infections (symptoms similar to a common cold, i.e., coughing, fatigue, etc.)  Talk to your healthcare provider if these symptoms become bothersome.

Upadacitinib may affect your blood counts, liver or kidney function and cholesterol levels. Your healthcare provider will use blood tests to monitor for these changes.

In rare cases, upadacitinib has been associated with stomach perforations (holes in the lining of the stomach). All patients who developed stomach perforations were also taking NSAIDs and/or corticosteroids. However, the contribution of these medications to the development of stomach perforations is not known.

Upadacitinib should be used with caution in patients who may be at increased risk for stomach perforation (i.e. using NSAIDs and/or corticosteroids, people with a history of diverticulitis). Stomach perforations require immediate medical attention. If you develop fever and severe stomach pain that does not go away, seek medical attention.

Upadacitinib has rarely been associated with developing blood clots. If you develop any signs or symptoms of a blood clot in your leg (such as swelling, pain or tenderness in the leg) or in your lung (such as sudden unexplained chest pain or shortness of breath) contact a healthcare provider immediately.

Recent reports have associated this medication, which belongs to a class of drugs called JAK-inhibitors, with an increased risk of serious heart-related events such as heart attack, stroke, blood clots and rarely cancer and death, particularly in those with risk factors such as having a history of smoking, past heart attack, known malignancy or cancer, stroke, or blood clots. Ensure your doctor is aware if you have any of these risk factors and discuss the risk and benefits of using this medication.

Take your upadacitinib as prescribed and contact your healthcare provider if you have any concerns while taking the medication.

Taking upadacitinib with food may help reduce nausea and stomach upset.

You will need blood tests one to two months after starting upadacitinib, then every three months. This is important to ensure the upadacitinib is having no harmful effects on your blood counts, liver, kidneys or cholesterol levels.

Store this medication between 2 and 25 degrees Celsius and keep it out of reach of children.

The patient support program for Rinvoq is called "AbbVie Care". Their phone number is 1-800-274-6867.